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Soviet nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarineA ballistic missile submarine is a capable of deploying (SLBMs) with. The 's for ballistic missile submarines are SSB and SSBN – the SS denotes submarine (or submersible ship), the B denotes, and the N denotes that the submarine is. These submarines became a major weapon system in the because of their capability. They can fire missiles thousands of kilometers from their targets, and makes them difficult to detect (see ), thus making them a survivable deterrent in the event of a and a key element of the policy of nuclear deterrence. Their deployment has been dominated by the and the /, with smaller numbers in service with, the,.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a of the subject. You may, discuss the issue on the, or create a new section, as appropriate. ( December 2015) The first sea-based missile deterrent forces were a small number of conventionally powered (SSG) and surface ships fielded by the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, deploying the and the Soviet (SS-N-3 Shaddock), both land attack that could be. Although these forces served until 1964 and (on the Soviet side) were augmented by the nuclear-powered, they were rapidly eclipsed by SLBMs carried by nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) beginning in 1960.
SSBN origins are considered the strategic predecessors to today’s ballistic submarines, especially to the Regulus missile program begun about a decade after World War II. The first nation to field ballistic missile submarines (SSB) was the Soviet Union, whose first experimental SSB was a converted (Zulu IV class) diesel-powered submarine equipped with a single ballistic missile launch tube in its sail. This submarine launched the world's first SLBM, an (SS-N-1 Scud-A, naval modification of SS-1 ) on 16 September 1955.Five additional Project V611 and AV611 (Zulu V class) submarines became the world's first operational SSBs with two R-11FM missiles each, entering service in 1956–57.
They were followed by a series of 23 specifically designed (Golf class) SSBs completed 1958–1962, with three vertical launch tubes incorporated in the sail/fin of each submarine. The initial ballistic missiles could only be launched with the submarine on the surface and the missile raised to the top of the launch tube, but were followed by missiles beginning in 1963, which were launched with the submarine submerged.The world's first operational nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) was with 16 missiles, which entered service in December 1959 and conducted the first SSBN deterrent patrol November 1960 – January 1961. The Polaris missile and the first US SSBNs were developed by a Special Project office under Rear Admiral, appointed by Admiral. George Washington was redesigned and rebuilt early in construction from a fast attack submarine, USS Scorpion, with a 130 ft (40 m) missile compartment welded into the middle. Nuclear power was a crucial advance, allowing a ballistic missile submarine to remain undetected at sea by remaining submerged or occasionally at depth (50 to 55 ft (15 to 17 m)) for an entire patrol.A significant difference between US and Soviet SLBMs was the fuel type; all US SLBMs have been solid fueled while all Soviet and Russian SLBMs were liquid fueled except for the Russian, which entered service in 2014.
With more missiles on one US SSBN than on five Golf-class boats, the Soviets rapidly fell behind in sea-based deterrent capability. The Soviets were only a year behind the US with their first SSBN, the of (Hotel class), commissioned in November 1960.
However, this class carried the same three-missile armament as the Golfs. The first Soviet SSBN with 16 missiles was the, the first of which entered service in 1967, by which time the US had commissioned 41 SSBNs, nicknamed the '. Deployment and further development The short range of the early SLBMs dictated basing and deployment locations. By the late 1960s the Polaris A-3 was deployed on all US SSBNs with a range of 4,600 kilometres (2,500 nmi), a great improvement on the 1,900-kilometre (1,000 nmi) range of Polaris A-1.
The A-3 also had three warheads that landed in a pattern around a single target. The Yankee class was initially equipped with the missile (SS-N-6) with a range of 2,400 kilometres (1,300 nmi).The US was much more fortunate in its basing arrangements than the Soviets. Thanks to and the US possession of, US SSBNs were permanently forward deployed at Advanced Refit Sites in,;; and Guam by the middle 1960s, resulting in short transit times to patrol areas near the Soviet Union. With two rotating crews per SSBN, about one-third of the total US force could be in a patrol area at any time.
The Soviet bases, in the area for the and the area for the, required their SSBNs to make a long transit (through NATO-monitored waters in the Atlantic) to their mid-ocean patrol areas to hold the (CONUS) at risk.That resulted in only a small percentage of the Soviet force occupying patrol areas at any time and was a great motivation for longer-range Soviet SLBMs, which would allow them to patrol close to their bases in areas sometimes referred to as 'deep bastions'. The missiles were the series (SS-N-8, SS-N-18, SS-N-23), equipped on (Delta I through Delta IV classes). The SS-N-8, with a range of 7,700 kilometres (4,200 nmi), entered service on the first Delta-I boat in 1972, before the Yankee class was even completed. A total of 43 Delta-class boats of all types entered service 1972–1990, with the SS-N-18 on the Delta III class and the (SS-N-23) on the Delta IV class. The new missiles had increased range and eventually Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicles , multiple warheads that could each hit a different target.The Delta I class had 12 missiles each; the others have 16 missiles each.
All Deltas have a tall (aka casing) to accommodate their large liquid-fueled missiles.Poseidon and Trident I Although the US did not commission any new SSBNs from 1967 through 1981, they did introduce two new SLBMs. Thirty-one of the 41 original US SSBNs were built with larger diameter launch tubes with future missiles in mind. In the early 1970s the entered service, and those 31 SSBNs were backfitted with it. Poseidon offered a massive MIRV capability of up to 14 warheads per missile. Like the Soviets, the US also desired a longer-range missile that would allow SSBNs to be based in CONUS. In the late 1970s the was backfitted to 12 of the Poseidon-equipped submarines. The SSBN facilities of the base at Rota, Spain were disestablished and the in was built for the Trident I-equipped force.Trident and Typhoon submarines.
An (aka Trident) submarine.Both the United States and the Soviet Union commissioned larger SSBNs designed for new missiles in 1981. The American large SSBN was the, also called the 'Trident submarine', with the largest SSBN armament ever of 24 missiles, initially Trident I but built with much larger tubes for the, which entered service in 1990. The entire class was converted to use Trident II by the early 2000s.
When the commenced sea trials in 1980, two US SSBNs had their missiles removed to comply with treaty requirements; the remaining eight were converted to attack submarines (SSN) by the end of 1982. These were all in the Pacific, and the Guam SSBN base was disestablished; the first several Ohio-class boats used new Trident facilities at,.
Eighteen Ohio-class boats were commissioned by 1997, four of which were converted as cruise missile submarines (SSGN) in the 2000s to comply with treaty requirements. The first, during sea trialsNew SSBN construction terminated for over 10 years in Russia and slowed in the US with the and the end of the in 1991. The US rapidly decommissioned its remaining 31 older SSBNs, with a few converted to other roles, and the base at Holy Loch was disestablished. Most of the former Soviet SSBN force was gradually scrapped under the provisions of the agreement through 2012.The Russian SSBN force then stood at six Delta IVs, three Delta IIIs, and a lone Typhoon used as a testbed for new missiles (the R-39s unique to the Typhoons were reportedly scrapped in 2012).
Upgraded missiles such as the (SS-N-23 Sineva) were developed for the Deltas. In 2013 the Russians commissioned the first, also called the Dolgorukiy class after the lead vessel. By 2015 two others had entered service. This class is intended to replace the aging Deltas, and carries 16 solid-fuel missiles, with a reported range of 10,000 kilometres (5,400 nmi) and six MIRV warheads.
The US is designing the to replace the Ohio-class; and expects to begin construction in 2021.are nuclear powered SSBNs built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project. They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( June 2013) Ballistic missile submarines differ in purpose from. Attack submarines specialize in combat with other vessels (including enemy submarines and merchant shipping), and cruise missile submarines are designed to attack large warships and tactical targets on land.
However, the primary mission of the ballistic missile is. They serve as the third leg of the in countries that also operate nuclear-armed land based missiles and aircraft. Accordingly, the mission profile of a ballistic missile submarine concentrates on remaining undetected, rather than aggressively pursuing other vessels.Ballistic missile submarines are designed for to avoid detection at all costs, and that makes nuclear power, allowing almost the entire patrol to be conducted submerged, very important. They also use many sound-reducing design features, such as on their hull surfaces, carefully designed propulsion systems, and machinery mounted on vibration-damping mounts. The invisibility and mobility of SSBNs offer a reliable means of deterrence against an attack (by maintaining the threat of a ), as well as a potential surprise capability.Armament.
A. – 4 in service. – 1 in service, 1 under trials, out of 4 planned. – 1 in service. – 5 in service out of 8 planned. – 3 active.
– 1 Delta III class in service, 6 Delta IV class in service. – 1 in service, 2 more decommissioned but in reserve. – 4 in service. – 18 in service (of which 4 have been converted into ).Classes under development. SNLE 3G – 4 planned. – 2 under construction.
– 3 planned. 1 under construction, 4 planned.Retired classes.